Communication Studies 394-0: Undergraduate Research
Seminar
Section 24: Persuasion in Health Contexts
Spring 2021
BACKGROUND READINGS
Note: None of these readings is required. A number of the readings come from this book, a copy of which is available at the Library Reserve Room (under Communication Studies 205): D. O’Keefe, Persuasion: Theory and research (3rd ed., paperback, Sage) (ISBN 978-1-4522-7667-0)
1. Health-related applications of general persuasion theory and research
1.1 General background concerning persuasion
1.2 Health-related applications of some persuasion-relevant theories
1.2.1 Cognitive dissonance theory
1.2.2 Functional approaches to attitude
1.2.3 Elaboration likelihood model
1.2.4 Reasoned action theory
1.3 Health-related research involving classic persuasion variables
1.3.1 General background to persuasion effects research
1.3.2 Source factors
1.3.3 Message factors
1.3.4 Receiver factors
1.1 General background concerning persuasion
O’Keefe, D.
J. (2016). Persuasion, attitudes, and actions. In D. J. O’Keefe, Persuasion: Theory and research (3rd
ed., pp. 1-18). Los Angeles,
1.2 Health-related applications of some persuasion-relevant theories
1.2.1 Cognitive dissonance theory
1.2.1.1 Background
McGrath, A. (2017). Dealing with dissonance: A review of cognitive dissonance reduction. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 11, article no. e12362. doi:10.1111/spc3.12362
O’Keefe, D.
J. (2016). Cognitive dissonance theory. In D. J. O’Keefe, Persuasion: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 76-97). Los Angeles,
Harmon-Jones,
E., & Mills, J. (Eds.). (1999). Cognitive
dissonance: Progress on a pivotal theory in social psychology.
Harmon-Jones,
E. (2002). A cognitive dissonance theory perspective on persuasion. In J. P.
Dillard & M. Pfau (Eds.), The
persuasion handbook: Developments in theory and practice (pp. 99-116). Los
Angeles,
1.2.1.2 Some health-related applications
Stone, J., & Fernandez, N. C. (2011). When thinking about less failure causes more dissonance: The effect of elaboration and recall on behavior change following hypocrisy. Social Influence, 6, 199-211. doi:10.1080/15534510.2011.618368
Freijy, T., & Kothe, E. J. (2013). Dissonance-based interventions for health behaviour change: A systematic review. British Journal of Health Psychology, 18, 310-337. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12035
Rodriguez, R., Marchand, E., Ng, J., & Stice, E. (2008). Effects of cognitive dissonance-based eating disorder prevention program are similar for Asian, American, Hispanic, and White participants. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 41, 618-625.
Stice, E., Durant, S., Rohde, P., & Shaw, H. (2014). Effects of a prototype Internet dissonance-based eating disorder prevention program at 1- and 2-year follow-up. Health Psychology, 33, 1558-1567. doi:10.1037/hea0000090
Hwang, Y. (2010). Selective exposure
and selective perception of anti-tobacco campaign messages: The impacts of
campaign exposure on selective perception. Health
Communication, 25, 182-190.
doi:10.1080/10410230903474027
Ong, A. S.-J., Frewer, L., & Chan, M.-Y. (2017). Cognitive dissonance
in food and nutrition: A review. Critical
Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57, 2330-2342.
doi:10.1080/10408398.2015.1013622
1.2.2 Functional approaches to attitude
1.2.2.1 Background
O’Keefe, D.
J. (2016). Functional approaches to attitude. In D. J. O’Keefe, Persuasion: Theory and research (3rd
ed., pp. 35-55). Los Angeles,
Carpenter, C., Boster, F. J., & Andrews, K. R. (2013). Functional attitude theory. In J. P. Dillard & L. Shen (Eds.), The Sage handbook of persuasion: Developments in theory and practice (2nd ed., pp. 104-119). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Carpenter, C. J. (2012). A meta-analysis of the functional matching effect based on functional attitude theory. Southern Communication Journal, 77, 438-451. doi:10.1080/1041794X.2012.699989
1.2.2.2 Some health-related applications
Wang, X. (2009). Integrating the theory of planned behavior and attitude functions: Implications for health campaign design. Health Communication, 24, 426-434.
Wang, X. (2012). The role of attitude functions and self-monitoring in predicting intentions to register as organ donors and to discuss organ donation with family. Communication Research, 39, 26-47. doi:10.1177/0093650211424406
Kim, A., Stark, E., & Borgida, E. (2011). Symbolic politics and the prediction of attitudes toward federal regulation of reduced-exposure tobacco products. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41, 381-400. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00718.x
Sailors, J.
J. (2011). Preventing childhood obesity by persuading mothers to breastfeed:
Matching appeal type to personality. In In R. Batra, P. A. Keller, & V. J.
Strecher (Eds.), Leveraging consumer
psychology for effective health communications: The obesity challenge (pp.
253-271). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
Kim, H. K. (2016). Efficacy of
value-expressive messages at improving attitudes toward psychiatric help
seeking for depression treatment among young adults. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 9, 288-297. doi:10.1080/17538068.2016.1248589
Lienemann, B. A., & Siegel, J. T. (2018). Increasing help-seeking outcomes among people with elevated depressive symptomatology with public service announcements: An examination of functional matching and message sidedness. Journal of Health Communication, 23, 28-39. doi:10.1080/10810730.2017.1396630
1.2.3 Elaboration likelihood model
1.2.3.1 Background
O’Keefe, D.
J. (2016). Elaboration likelihood model. In D. J. O’Keefe, Persuasion: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 148-175). Los
Angeles,
Petty,
R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude
change.
Petty, R. E., & Briñol, P. (2012). The elaboration likelihood model. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 224-245). London: Sage.
1.2.3.2 Some health-related applications
Trumbo, C. W. (2002). Information processing and risk perception: An adaptation of the heuristic-systematic model. Journal of Communication, 52, 367-382.
Igartua, J. J., Cheng, L., & Lopes, O. (2003). To think
or not to think: Two pathways towards persuasion by short films on AIDS
prevention. Journal of Health
Communication, 8, 513-528.
Flynn, B. S., Worden, J. K.,
Bunn, J. Y., Connolly, S. W., & Dorwaldt, A. L.
(2011). Evaluation of smoking prevention television messages based on the
elaboration likelihood model. Health
Education Research, 26, 976-87.
doi: 10.1093/her/2.4.385
Hitt, R., Perrault, E., Smith, S., Keating, D. M., Nazione, S., Silk, K., & Russell, J. (2016). Scientific
message translation and the heuristic systematic model: Insights for designing
educational messages about progesterone and breast cancer risks. Journal of Cancer Education, 31,
389-396. doi10.1007/s13187-015-0835-y
Lin, T.-C., Hwang, L.-L.,
& Lai, Y.-J. (2017). Effects of argument quality, source credibility and
self-reported diabetes knowledge on message attitudes: An experiment using
diabetes related messages. Health
Information and Libraries Journal, 34, 225-235. doi:10.1111/hir.12181
1.2.4 Reasoned action theory
1.2.4.1 Background
O’Keefe, D.
J. (2016). Reasoned action theory. In D. J. O’Keefe, Persuasion: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 98-131). Los Angeles,
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2010). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. New York: Psychology Press.
Sheeran, P., Maki, A., Montanaro, E., Avishai-Yitshak, A., Bryan, A., Klein, W. M. P., & … Rothman, A. J. (2016). The impact of changing attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy on health-related intentions and behavior: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 35, 1178-1188. doi:10.1037/hea0000387
1.2.4.2 Some health-related applications
Ajzen, I., Albarracin, D., & Hornik, R. (Eds.). (2007). Prediction and change of health behavior: Applying the reasoned action approach. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Gratton, L., Povey, R., & Clark-Carter, D. (2007).
Promoting children’s fruit and vegetable consumption: Interventions using the
theory of planned behaviour as a framework British
Journal of Health Psychology, 12, 639-650.
Dean, R. N., Farrell, J. M.,
Kelley, M. L., Taylor, M. J., & Rhodes, R. E. (2007). Testing the efficacy
of the theory of planned behavior to explain strength training in older adults.
Journal of Aging and Physical Activity,
15, 1-12.
Hassandra, M., Viachopoulos, S. P., Kosmidou, E., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Goudas, M., & Theodorakis, Y. (2011). Predicting students’ intention to smoke by theory of planned behaviour variables and parental influences across school grade levels. Psychology & Health, 26, 1241-1258. doi:10.1080/08870446.2011.605137
Anderson, C. N., Noar, S. M., & Rogers, B. D. (2013). The persuasive
power of oral health promotion messages: A theory of planned behavior approach
to dental checkups among young adults. Health
Communication, 28, 304-313. doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.684275
Roncancio, A. M., Ward, K. K., & Fernandez, M. E. (2013). Understanding cervical cancer screening intentions among Latinas using an expanded theory of planned behavior model. Behavioral Medicine, 39, 66-72. doi:10.1080/08964289.2013.799452
Conner, M., & Sparks, P. (2015). The theory of planned behaviour and
the reasoned action approach. In M. Conner & P. Norman (Eds.), Predicting
and changing health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition
models (3rd ed., pp. 142-188). New York: Open University Press.
Röttger,
S., Maier, J., Krex-Brinkmann, L., Kowalski, J. T., Krick, A., Felfe, J., &
Stein, M. (2017). Social cognitive aspects of the participation in workplace
health promotion as revealed by the theory of planned behavior. Preventive Medicine, 105, 104-108.
doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.09.004
1.3 Health-related research involving classic persuasion variables
1.3.1 General background to persuasion effects research
O’Keefe, D.
J. (2016). The study of persuasive effects. In D. J. O’Keefe, Persuasion: Theory and research (3rd
ed., pp. 176-187). Los Angeles,
1.3.2 Source factors
1.3.2.1 General background
O’Keefe, D.
J. (2016). Communicator factors. In D. J. O’Keefe, Persuasion: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 188-213). Los
Angeles,
1.3.2.2 Some health-related research
Larson, R. J., Woloshin, S., Schwartz, L. M., & Welch, H. G. (2005). Celebrity endorsements of cancer screening. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 97, 693-695.
Wang, Z., Walther, J. B., Pingree, S., & Hawkins, R. P. (2008). Health information, credibility, homophily, and influence via the Internet: Web sites versus discussion groups. Health Communication, 23, 358-368. doi:10.1080/10410230802229738
Kesselheim, A. S., Robertson, C. T., Myers, J. A., Rose, S. L., Gillet, V., Ross, K. M., Glynn, R. J., Joffe, S., & Avorn, J. (2012). A randomized study of how physicians interpret research funding disclosures. New England Journal of Medicine, 367, 1119-1127. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1202397 [
Kareklas, I., Muehling, D. D., & Weber, T. J. (2015). Reexamining health messages in the digital age: A fresh look at source credibility effects. Journal of Advertising, 44, 88-104. doi:10.1080/00913367.2015.1018461
Phua, J., & Tinkham, S. (2016). Authenticity in obesity public service announcements: Influence of spokesperson type, viewer weight, and source credibility on diet, exercise, information seeking, and electronic word-of-mouth intentions. Journal of Health Communication, 21, 337-345. doi:10.1080/10810730.2015.1080326
Yang, Q. H., & Beatty, M.
(2016). A meta-analytic review of health information credibility: Belief in
physicians or belief in peers? Health
Information Management Journal, 45, 80-89. doi:10.1177/1833358316639432
Thon, F. M., & Jucks, R. (2017). Believing in expertise: How authors’
credentials and language use influence the credibility of online health
information. Health Communication, 32, 828-836. doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1172296
Jung, W. S., Chung, M.-Y.,
& Rhee, E. S. (2018). The effects of attractiveness and source expertise on
online health sites. Health
Communication, 33, 962-971. doi:10.1080/10410236.2017.1323364
De Meulenaer, S., De Pelsmacker, P., & Dens, N. (2018). Power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and the effects of source credibility on health risk message compliance. Health Communication, 33, 291-298. doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1266573
1.3.3 Message factors
1.3.3.1 General background
O’Keefe, D.
J. (2016). Message factors. In D. J. O’Keefe, Persuasion: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 214-251). Los
Angeles,
1.3.3.2 Some health-related research
Armstrong, A. W., Watson, A. J., Makredes,
M., Frangos, J. E., Kimball, A. B. & Kvedar, J. C. (2009). Text-message reminders to improve
sunscreen use: A randomized, controlled trial using electronic monitoring. Archives of Dermatology, 145, 1230-1236.
O’Keefe, D. J., & Jensen, J. D. (2009). The relative persuasiveness of gain-framed and loss-framed messages for encouraging disease detection behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Communication, 59, 296-316. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01417.x
Gallagher, K. M., & Updegraff, J. A. (2012). Health message framing effects on attitudes, intentions, and behavior: A meta-analytic review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 43, 101-116. doi:10.1007/s12160-011-9308-7
Suri, G., Sheppes, G., Leslie, S., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Stairs or escalator? Using theories of persuasion and motivation to facilitate healthy decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 20, 295-302. doi:10.1037/xap0000026
Lally, M., Goldsworthy, R., Sarr, M., Kahn, J., Brown, L., Peralta, L., & Zimet, G. (2014). Evaluation of an intervention among adolescents to reduce preventive misconception in HIV vaccine clinical trials. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55, 254-259. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.01.006
Bryan, C. J., Yeager, D. S., Hinojosa, C. P., Chabot, A., Bergen, H., Kawamura, M., & Steubing, F. (2016). Harnessing adolescent values to motivate healthier eating. PNAS, 113, 10830-10835. doi:10.1073/pnas.1604586113
Cook, P. F.,
Schmiege, S. J., Mansberger, S. L., Sheppler, C., Kammer, J., Fitzgerald, T., & Kahook,
M. Y. (2017). Motivational interviewing or reminders for glaucoma medication
adherence: Results of a multi-site randomised
controlled trial. Psychology and Health,
32, 145-165.
doi:10.1080/08870446.2016.1244537
Volkman, J. (2017). Narratives in health and risk
messaging. Oxford Research encyclopedia of Communication. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.306
1.3.4 Receiver factors
1.3.4.1 General background
O’Keefe, D.
J. (2016). Receiver and context factors. In D. J. O’Keefe, Persuasion: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 252-267). Los
Angeles,
1.3.4.2 Some health-related research
1.3.4.2.1 Receiver sensation-seeking
Morgan, S. E., Palmgreen, P., Stephenson, M. T., Hoyle, R. H., & Lorch, E. P. (2003). Associations between message features and subjective evaluations of the sensation value of antidrug public service announcements. Journal of Communication, 53, 512-526.
Stephenson, M. T., & Southwell, B. G. (2006). Sensation seeking, the activation model, and mass media health campaigns: Current findings and future directions for cancer communication. Journal of Communication, 56, S38–S56.
Niederdeppe, J., Davis, K. C., Farrelly, M. C., & Yarsevich, J. (2007). Stylistic features, need for sensation, and confirmed recall of national smoking prevention advertisements. Journal of Communication, 57, 272-292.
Morgan, S. E. (2012).
Designing high sensation value messages for the sensation seeking audience. In
H. Cho (Ed.), Health communication message design: Theory and practice
(pp. 231-247). Los Angeles: Sage.
Xu, J. (2015). Designing messages with high
sensation value: When activation meets reactance. Psychology and Health, 30,
423-440. doi:10.1080/08870446.2014.977280
Harrington, N. G. (2017).
Sensation seeking. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.661
Donohew, L., DiBartolo, M., Zhu, X., Benca, C., Lorch, E., Noar, S. M., Kelly, T. H., & Joseph, J. E. (2018). Communicating with sensation seekers: An fMRI study of neural responses to antidrug public service announcements. Health Communication, 33, 1004-1012. doi:10.1080/10410236.2017.1331185
1.3.4.2.2 Receiver regulatory focus
Kees, J., Burton, S., & Tangari, A. H. (2010). The impact of regulatory focus, temporal orientation, and fit on consumer responses to health-related advertising. Journal of Advertising, 39, 19-34.
Bosone, L., Martinez, F., & Kalampalikis, N. (2015). When the model fits the frame: The impact of regulatory fit on efficacy appraisal and persuasion in health communication. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41, 526-539. doi:10.1177/0146167215571089
Ludolph, R., & Schulz, P. J. (2015). Does regulatory fit lead to more effective health communication? A systematic review. Social Science and Medicine, 128, 142-150. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.01.021
Averbeck, J. M., & Nisbett, G. S. (2017). Regulatory
focus and persuasive sleep messages. Communication
Reports, 30, 91-103. doi:10.1080/08934215.2016.1247901
Fridman,
I., Glare, P. A., Stabler, S., Epstein, A. S.,
Wiesenthal, A., Leblanc, T. W., & Higgins, E. T. (2018). Information
framing reduces initial negative attitudes in cancer patients' decisions about
hospice care. Journal of Pain and Symptom
Management, 55, 1540-1545. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.02.010
Vanroy, J., Seghers, J., van Uffelen, J., & Boen, F. (2019). Can a framed intervention motivate older adults in assisted living facilities to exercise? BMC Geriatrics, 19, 46. doi:10.1186/s12877-019-1060-z
1.3.4.2.3 Creating resistance to persuasion
1.3.4.2.3.1 Inoculation
Ivanov, B. (2012). Designing inoculation messages for health communication campaigns. In H. Cho (Ed.), Health communication message design: Theory and practice (pp. 73-93). Los Angeles: Sage.
Richards,
A., & Banas, J. A. (2015).
Inoculating against reactance to persuasive health messages. Health
Communication, 30, 451-460. doi:10.1080/10410236.2013.867005
Wong,
N. C. H. (2016). “Vaccinations are safe and effective”: Inoculating positive
HPV vaccine attitudes against antivaccination attack
messages. Communication Reports, 29, 127-138.
doi:10.1080/08934215.2015.1083599
Compton, J., Jackson, B., &
Dimmock, J. A. (2016). Persuading others to avoid persuasion: Inoculation
theory and resistant health attitudes. Frontiers
in Psychology, 7, 122. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00122
Scully, M., Brennan, E.,
Durkin, S., Dixon, H., Wakefield, M., Barry, C. L., & Niederdeppe, J.
(2017). Competing with big business: A randomised
experiment testing the effects of messages to promote alcohol and sugary drink
control policy. BMC Public Health, 17,
945. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4972-6
Ivanov, B. (2017). Inoculation
theory applied in health and risk messaging. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.254
1.3.4.2.3.2 Refusal-skill training
Donaldson, S. I., Graham, J. W., Piccinin, A. M., & Hansen, W. B. (1995). Resistance-skills training and onset of alcohol use: Evidence for beneficial and potentially harmful effects in public schools and in private Catholic schools. Health Psychology, 14, 291-300.
Wynn, S. R., Schulenberg, J., Maggs, J. L., & Zucker, R. A. (2000). Preventing alcohol misuse: The impact of refusal skills and norms. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 14, 36-47.
Heyne, T. R., & Bogner, F. X. (2009). Strengthening resistance self-efficacy: Influence of teaching approaches and gender on different consumption groups. Journal of Drug Education, 39, 439-457. doi:10.1348/014466509X468421
Pan, W., & Bai, H. (2009). A multivariate approach to a meta-analytic review of the effectiveness of the D.A.R.E. program. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 6, 267-277. doi:10.3390/ijerph6010267
Smith, D. C., Tabb, K. M., Fisher, D., & Cleeland, L. (2014). Drug refusal skills training does not enhance outcomes of African American adolescents with substance use problems. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 46, 274-279. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2013.07.004
1.3.4.2.4 Reactance and other defensive reactions
1.3.4.2.4.1 Reactance
Dillard, J. P., & Shen, L. (2005). On the nature of reactance and its role in persuasive health communication. Communication Monographs, 72, 144-168.
Quick, B. L., Shen, L., & Dillard, J. P. (2013). Reactance theory and persuasion. In J. P. Dillard & L. Shen (Eds.), The Sage handbook of persuasion: Developments in theory and practice (2nd ed., pp. 167-183). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Stok, F. M., de Vet, E., de Wit, J. B. F., Renner, B., & de Ridder, D. T. D. (2015). Communicating eating-related rules. Suggestions are more effective than restrictions. Appetite, 86, 45-53. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.09.010
Richards, A., & Banas, J. A. (2015). Inoculating against reactance to persuasive health messages. Health Communication, 30, 451-460. doi:10.1080/10410236.2013.867005
Aspden, T., Ingledew, D. K.,
& Parkinson, J. A. (2015). Effects of motives on reactions to safe sun
messages. Psychology, Health, and
Medicine, 20, 274-286. doi:10.1080/13548506.2014.936882
Sukalla, F., Wagner, A. J. M., & Rackow,
I. (2017). Dispelling fears and myths of organ donation: How narratives
including information reduce ambivalence and reactance. International
Journal of Communication, 11, 5027-5047.
Richards, A. S., &
Larsen, M. (2017). Anger expression moderates the effects of psychological
reactance to sexual health messages. Health
Communication, 32, 1491-1500. doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1230811
Kim, H. J., & Shin, W. (2018). The effects of message source and fear appeal on young adults' response to Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) messages in Singapore. Asian Journal Of Communication, 28, 185-204. doi:10.1080/01292986.2017.1384030
1.3.4.2.4.2 Defensive reactions generally
Miller, W.
R., & Rollnick, S. (2002). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change (3rd ed.).
Thevos, A. K., Quick, R. E, & Yanduli,
V. (2000). Motivational interviewing enhances the adoption of water
disinfection practices in
Knight, K.
M., McGowan, L., Dickens, C., & Bundy, C. (2006). A systematic review of
motivational interviewing in physical health care settings. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11,
319-332.
Pavey,
L. J., & Sparks, P. (2012). Autonomy and defensiveness: Experimentally
increasing adaptive responses to health-risk information via priming and
self-affirmation. Psychology & Health,
27, 259-276.
doi:10.1080/08870446.2011.556251
Zhao, X., Peterson, E. B., Kim, W., & Rolfe-Redding, J. (2014). Effects of self-affirmation on daily versus occasional smokers’ responses to graphic warning labels. Communication Research, 41, 1137-1158. doi:10.1177/0093650212465433
Epton, T., Harris, P. R., Kane, R., van Koningsbruggen, G. M., & Sheeran, P. (2015). The impact of self-affirmation on health-behavior change: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 34, 187-196. doi:10.1037/hea0000116
Sweeney, A. M., & Moyer, A. (2015). Self-affirmation and responses to health messages: A meta-analysis on intentions and behavior. Health Psychology, 34, 149-159. doi:10.1037/hea0000110
May, D.,
& Zhao, X. (2016). The influence of framed messages and self-affirmation on
indoor tanning behavioral intentions in 18- to 30-year-old women. Health Psychology, 35, 123-130.
doi:10.1037/hea0000253
Clayton,
R. B., Leshner, G., Bolls, P. D., & Thorson, E. (2017). Discard the smoking
cues—keep the disgust: An investigation of tobacco smokers’ motivated
processing of anti-tobacco commercials. Health Communication, 32,
1319-1330. doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1220042
Dillard, J. P., Meczkowski, E., & Yang, C. (2018). Defensive reactions to threatening health messages: Alternative structures and next questions. International Journal of Communication, 12, 973-995.